Manchester scientists unveil advanced materials to capture benzene from the atmosphere

Researchers at The University of Manchester have developed a material capable of capturing benzene, a harmful chemical present in polluted air. This innovation represents a promising solution to a significant health and environmental risk.

The study, published in Nature Materials, focuses on a metal-organic framework (MOF), a highly porous material that can be engineered to filter out benzene more effectively than existing options. Benzene, widely used as an industrial solvent and in the production of chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibres, also enters the atmosphere from sources like petrol stations, exhaust emissions, and cigarette smoke. Classified as a human carcinogen, benzene exposure poses serious health risks, underscoring the need for effective management and regulation.

Lead researcher Professor Martin Schröder, a chemist at the university, explained: “Removing benzene at low concentrations has been a persistent challenge, especially in real-world settings. Current methods, such as oxidation and biological treatment, often lack efficiency and can produce hazardous by-products. Our research addresses these issues, marking a significant step in tackling one of the most pressing health and environmental challenges.”

MOFs are innovative materials that combine metal centres with organic molecules to form porous structures, allowing for the effective filtration of harmful gases. The research team modified the MOF structure known as MIL-125 by introducing single atoms from various elements—zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper—to determine which configuration would best capture benzene.

Their findings revealed that incorporating a single zinc atom significantly boosted the material's efficiency, enabling it to capture benzene even at ultra-low concentrations measured in parts per million (ppm). The new variant, MIL-125-Zn, exhibits a benzene uptake of 7.63 mmol per gram, surpassing previously reported materials. Notably, it remains stable in humid conditions, retaining its effectiveness over time.

Co-lead researcher Professor Sihai Yang emphasised the importance of atomic-level modifications in materials science. “While our current focus is on benzene, our design and methodology could be adapted to capture a variety of air pollutants. This research offers a new perspective on how these materials interact with gases, paving the way for more effective environmental solutions.”

As the study progresses, the team plans to collaborate with industry partners to further develop these materials, exploring their integration into practical applications like air purification systems for homes, workplaces, and industrial settings.